The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on Anzac Day. The following year, in 1776, the United States declared independence. [26], Although England tended to trail behind Portugal, Spain, and France in establishing overseas colonies, it established its first overseas colony in 16th century Ireland by settling it with Protestants from England drawing on precedents dating back to the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements. The United Kingdom is now one of 16 Commonwealth nations, a grouping known informally as the Commonwealth realms, that share a monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. [8] The period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon was later described as Pax Britannica ("British Peace"). Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. [222] The British granted independence to the Maldives in 1965 but continued to station a garrison there until 1976, withdrew from Aden in 1967, and granted independence to Bahrain, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates in 1971. There were many factors at play, and we will dive into some of the major ones below. Despite the final victory of Britain and its allies, the damage to British prestige helped to accelerate the decline of the empire. Spain also ceded the rights to the lucrative asiento (permission to sell African slaves in Spanish America) to Britain. [134] During the 1880s and 1890s, Rhodes, with his privately owned British South Africa Company, occupied and annexed territories named after him, Rhodesia. [192], The pro-decolonisation Labour government, elected at the 1945 general election and led by Clement Attlee, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: Indian independence. [234], British territories in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with Fiji in 1970 and ending with Vanuatu in 1980. [112] The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion in 1857, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. They Knew How To Expanded At Low Cost The situation was complicated further by the increasing Cold War rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. At its height it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power. The American colonies were less financially successful than those of the Caribbean, but had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far larger numbers of English emigrants who preferred their temperate climates. [68] This was summarised at the time by the slogan "No taxation without representation", a perceived violation of the guaranteed Rights of Englishmen. [157] The Anglo-Irish War ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, creating the Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown. Vanuatu's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French-speaking communities, as the islands had been jointly administered as a condominium with France. [246] Under the terms of the 1842 Treaty of Nanking and 1860 Convention of Peking, Hong Kong Island and Kowloon Peninsula had been respectively ceded to Britain in perpetuity, but the vast majority of the colony was constituted by the New Territories, which had been acquired under a 99-year lease in 1898, due to expire in 1997. British people had been present in India since 1600, when they began trading there. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but nothing was ever heard of his ships again. At various points, the British Empire controlled territory that corresponds to 56 sovereign countries around the world today, though not all at the... See full answer below. With regard to New Zealand, the British Parliament retained the power to pass legislation applying to New Zealand with the New Zealand Parliament's consent. French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy, which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805. The British empire took that a step further. The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule. [150] The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join. [53], At the end of the 16th century, England and the Netherlands began to challenge Portugal's monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the Dutch East India Company, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital[58] was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. [218], While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. [123] British immigration began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of Boers, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived—independent republics, during the Great Trek of the late 1830s and early 1840s. [67][71] The growth of trade between the newly independent United States and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success. This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the "Great Game". In response, Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. There were two original convict colonies: Tasmania and New South Wales. After independence, many former British colonies joined the Commonwealth of Nations, a free association of independent states. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position,[130] but a compromise was reached with the 1888 Convention of Constantinople, which made the Canal officially neutral territory. [80] Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to Australia. [48], In 1670, Charles II incorporated by royal charter the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), granting it a monopoly on the fur trade in the area known as Rupert's Land, which would later form a large proportion of the Dominion of Canada. The British Empire held Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Tonga, Fiji, Western Samoa, India, Burma, Papa New Guinea, Malaya, Sarawak, Brunei, Oman, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda, Northern and Southern Rhodesia, Tanganyika, Zanzibar, Mauritius, the Maldives, South Africa, Swaziland, Nigeria, Gold Coast, and Sierra Leone, among other countries during its reign. [94], The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. [171] Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. How did the empire become so wildly successful at expanding? [188] At first British politicians believed it would be possible to maintain Britain's role as a world power at the head of a re-imagined Commonwealth,[189] but by 1960 they were forced to recognise that there was an irresistible "wind of change" blowing. These are the countries that make up the remains of the British Empire: [41] In 1655, England annexed the island of Jamaica from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the Bahamas. [138] The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the Colonial Conference of 1907. [42], England's first permanent settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, led by Captain John Smith and managed by the Virginia Company. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togoland, and Tanganyika. [170] This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster. The British Empire ruled over many countries in Africa, beginning in 1870. [205] Eden infuriated US President Dwight D. Eisenhower by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. In 1857, a new type of rifle cartridge was given to the soldiers of the British Indian Army. Responsible government was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. There were many countries that were part of the British Empire. "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 17:28. These included what are now Kenya, Sudan, Lesotho, Botswana, Northern Somalia, Egypt, Eastern Ghana, Gambia, Niger, and Benin. [173], Britain's declaration of war against Nazi Germany in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa. [266] International commercial contracts are often based on English common law. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. [36], The Caribbean initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies,[37] but not before several attempts at colonisation failed. [231] The British Virgin Islands,[232] Cayman Islands and Montserrat also opted to retain ties with Britain,[233] while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. The empire spanned from the 16th century, when Britain began colonizing the Americas, to the present day where Britain retains sovereignty over 14 external territories. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival, other than Russia in Central Asia. [258], Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. [96], With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, goods produced by slavery became less important to the British economy. 53 states are also voluntary members of the Commonwealth of Nations and continue to recognize England's royal family as the heads of state. [139] The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. The convention of driving on the left hand side of the road has been retained in much of the former empire. Photograph: Buyenlarge/Getty . The Irish Republican Army simultaneously began a guerrilla war against the British administration. Queen Victoria called it “the jewel in the crown”, and she herself took on the title of Empress of India. [55], Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their military budget on the costly land war in Europe. [166] This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly revolted in 1936. What Were the Countries of the British Empire. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the Dominions, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. If memory serves, at it's peak, the British Empire was about 1/4 of the land area of the world, and something like 1/3 the population. [49], The signing of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. [161] The Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement. [202], In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. View this answer. In 1731, Spanish patrol boat La Isabela boarded the British brig Rebecca off Havana and Captain Julio León Fandiño cut off the left ear of Captain Robert Jenkins, accusing him of being a smuggler. [141] A second Home Rule bill was also defeated for similar reasons. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. [citation needed], States and dominions ruled by the United Kingdom, All areas of the world that were ever part of the British Empire. i am in year 8 so please don't be technical. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. [17][18] Fourteen overseas territories remain under British sovereignty. Eisenhower applied financial leverage by threatening to sell US reserves of the British pound and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. The Province of Carolina was founded in 1663. [262] The British choice of system of measurement, the imperial system, continues to be used in some countries in various ways. [236], Belize achieved independence in 1981. Initially, interaction between the indigenous Māori population and Europeans was limited to the trading of goods. For a while it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective spheres of influence in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation,[140] many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the break-up of the empire. But it is inherently contradictory for an invading force to usher in “civilization.” Britain had many colonies in … Many in … This led to hostilities with the United Dutch Provinces—a series of Anglo-Dutch Wars—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. Jamaica - Jamaica - British rule: In 1655 a British expedition under Admiral Sir William Penn and General Robert Venables captured Jamaica and began expelling the Spanish, a task that was accomplished within five years. [200] The fact that the guerrillas were primarily Malayan-Chinese Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the Muslim Malay majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. [62] With the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish War of Jenkins' Ear in 1739, Spanish privateers attacked British merchant shipping along the Triangle Trade routes. [160] Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts. How did a small country like Britain rule so much territory? With the passage of the British North America Act, 1867 by the British Parliament, the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of international relations. [32][33] In 1583, he embarked on a second attempt. [43] The Virginia Company's charter was revoked in 1624 and direct control of Virginia was assumed by the crown, thereby founding the Colony of Virginia. See Answer. Bermuda was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company's flagship, and in 1615 was turned over to the newly formed Somers Isles Company. [69], The loss of such a large portion of British America, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires,[70] in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada, and afflicted by malaria, the colony was abandoned two years later. France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815. [193] India's two major political parties—the Indian National Congress (led by Mahatma Gandhi) and the Muslim League (led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah)—had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. I will highlight some of the countries by continent. Since the Act of Union in 1707, the United Kingdom has ruled vast swaths of land across the world. JSTOR. This agreement was not divulged to the Sharif of Mecca, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state. [21] In the meantime, the 1533 Statute in Restraint of Appeals had declared "that this realm of England is an Empire". [185] Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of a $US 4.33 billion loan from the United States,[186] the last installment of which was repaid in 2006. [243], On 1 January 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, was granted independence. Over the course of Britain's existence, the country has invaded nine out of 10 of the world's countries, or all but 22 of them in total. [49], Two years later, the Royal African Company was inaugurated, receiving from King Charles a monopoly of the trade to supply slaves to the British colonies of the Caribbean. The British Mandate for Palestine officially terminated at midnight on 15 May 1948 as the State of Israel declared independence and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War broke out, during which the territory of the former Mandate was partitioned between Israel and the surrounding Arab states. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. [126], In 1869 the Suez Canal opened under Napoleon III, linking the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean. British troops remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty in 1936,[163] under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone. [194] The borders drawn by the British to broadly partition India into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and Pakistan. The UK retained the military bases of Akrotiri and Dhekelia as sovereign base areas. [55], During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were several outbreaks of military conflict on the Indian subcontinent, as the English East India Company and its French counterpart, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the Mughal Empire. [178] He felt that Britain was now assured of victory,[179] but failed to recognise that the "many disasters, immeasurable costs and tribulations [which he knew] lay ahead"[180] in December 1941 would have permanent consequences for the future of the empire. [97] Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular slave rebellions. [45] In 1620, Plymouth was founded as a haven for Puritan religious separatists, later known as the Pilgrims. Top Answer. Gérin-Lajoie, Paul (1951). [164] Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, also gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932. [244] Independence had been delayed due to the opposition of the Sultan, who had preferred British protection. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. [136] This began with the passing of the Act of Union in 1840, which created the Province of Canada. [226], Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing Southern Rhodesia, were all granted independence by 1968. [197] The matter was complicated by large numbers of Jewish refugees seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the Holocaust, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. "Constitutional Amendment in Canada". Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands, including the Bahamas, in the 1970s and 1980s,[230] but Anguilla and the Turks and Caicos Islands opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. [187] At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. On 6 February 1840, Captain William Hobson and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi. Their priorities changed to maintaining an extensive zone of British influence[190] and ensuring that stable, non-Communist governments were established in former colonies. [88], During his voyage, Cook also visited New Zealand, known to Europeans due to the 1642 voyage of Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, and claimed both the North and the South islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively. After the defeat of France in the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century, and expanded its imperial holdings across the globe. In North America, France's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land,[49] and the ceding of New France to Britain (leaving a sizeable French-speaking population under British control) and Louisiana to Spain. With support from the British abolitionist movement, Parliament enacted the Slave Trade Act in 1807, which abolished the slave trade in the empire. [85] The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold,[86] mainly because of gold rushes in Victoria, making its capital Melbourne for a time the richest city in the world[87] and the second largest city (after London) in the British Empire. [167] Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne. On 16 January 1968, a few weeks after the devaluation of the pound, Prime Minister Harold Wilson and his Defence Secretary Denis Healey announced that British troops would be withdrawn from major military bases East of Suez, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971, instead of 1975 as earlier planned. [241], The 1980s also saw Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sever their final constitutional links with Britain. The 1917 Balfour Declaration, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. Military and economic tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the First World War, during which Britain relied heavily on its empire. By the start of the 20th century, Germany and the United States had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. A dispute with Guatemala over claims to Belize was left unresolved. [13][14], British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. Below are lists of the countries and territories formerly ruled or administered by the United … With the surrender of Fort Amsterdam in 1664, England gained control of the Dutch colony of New Netherland, renaming it New York. Although granted legislative independence by the Statute of Westminster 1931, vestigial constitutional links had remained in place. 17: 6. [7] A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left England and then, following the union between England and Scotland in 1707, Great Britain, the dominant colonial power in North America. [9][10][11] In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; so that by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851, the country was described as the "workshop of the world". The manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power,[181][182] including, particularly, the Fall of Singapore, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. [240] Britain's successful military response to retake the islands during the ensuing Falklands War contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power. At its peak, the British Empire was composed of about one-fifth of the entire world's population and covered about a quarter of the world's total land mass. Wiki User Answered . The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. [137] Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies federating in 1901. Go to Rosebery, Archibald Philip Primrose, 5th earl of (1847–1929) in A Dictionary of British History (1 rev ed.) In 1808, Sierra Leone Colony was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. There were many countries that were part of the British Empire. Lv 7. [7] In 1562, the English Crown encouraged the privateers John Hawkins and Francis Drake to engage in slave-raiding attacks against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa[23] with the aim of breaking into the Atlantic slave trade. [12] Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its colonies, its dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. [108], The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. [92], Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. [57], In 1695, the Parliament of Scotland granted a charter to the Company of Scotland, which established a settlement in 1698 on the Isthmus of Panama. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French, who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent New France. [101][102], Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century" by some historians,[103][104] around 10 million sq mi (26 million km2) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. [230] Jamaica attained independence in 1962, as did Trinidad and Tobago. [38] Colonies in St Lucia (1605) and Grenada (1609) also rapidly folded, but settlements were successfully established in St. Kitts (1624), Barbados (1627) and Nevis (1628). [107] Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and Siam, which has been described by some historians as an "Informal Empire". How Does the 25th Amendment Work — and When Should It Be Enacted? Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to 5 million, 3 million of whom were in Hong Kong. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. [152] Forced to choose between alignment with the United States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its Japanese alliance and instead signed the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. An attempt to establish a colony in Guiana in 1604 lasted only two years, and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Of mediating between the late 16th and early 18th centuries which won a decisive victory over Napoleon left without. In Britain, under the Act of Union in 1707, the British economy later as. Assisted in joining the League of Nations, a New type of cartridge! That the British Isles kept as slaves British prestige helped to accelerate decline! 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