list five challenges facing curriculum planning and implementation

(1975). Limited funding capacities 2. Generally teachers feel motivated when what they do benefits society, and they are able to spend a sufficient proportion of their time working with children. Alexander, and J.J. Lewis, 1981, p. 261. They need to ensure there is continuity, relevance, and balance in the implementation of the curriculum. The time needed for change is largely being ignored. It is the activity which teachers get involved in before the actual implementation. Beauchamp (1975) specifically relates it to the “commitment of teachers to use the curriculum as a point of departure for the development of instructional strategies” (p. 165). What is Curriculum Planning? INTRODUCTION The life skills curriculum in Kenyan primary schools has for a long time been faced by a chain of challenges. It involves continuous decision making and actions. The urgency of change at times can be overwhelming and thus, insufficient attention is given to managing the change. Sign up to get the latest journals, news and events from APRACSI. The curriculum is evidence based, and all teachers and students are provided with the materials they need Conception of thoughtful teaching by four master teachers in Malaysia. Review of Educational Research, 47(1), 335–397. The targeted population for this … 161 Topas St., Brgy 31, Pasay City 1300 %%EOF Thus, there is a need to identify these factors in each country to understand and predict the success of curriculum implementation. It is only when the people within the organisation make their own personal transitions to adapt and change that the organisation can reap the benefits of change (International Bureau of Education [IBE], 2013; Cameron & Green, 2012). The division had 48 public primary schools. Although classroom instruction is the most direct manifestation of curriculum change, one needs to look from a broader and deeper perspective; as instruction changes to be aligned with curriculum change, a sustainable change in teachers’ behavior is probably what policy makers desire; a leading edge shift in the way textbooks are written is actually what society requires; and, ultimately, a change in how community and society view education and learning outcomes is the ultimate purpose of the curriculum change. Cronin-Jones’s (1991) study on science teachers discovered the ‘screens’ as beliefs about how students learn, the teacher’s role in the classroom, the ability levels of students, and the relative importance of content topics. A Rational Static Model for Linking a Curriculum Plan and Instruction. Last year, a committee at the district level came together to choose a new math curriculum. School principals are curriculum managers. 184 managers and educational department chiefs in the universities of West-Azarbajan, Iran were selected randomly by stratified sampling method and Cochran's formula during academic year of 2008- 2009 and completed a research-made questionnaire named … Teachers interpret the curriculum: they are designers as well as decision makers in executing the curriculum. Quality and quantity of teaching staff 5. Remillard, J. T. (1999). Developing and documenting the curriculum. University of London, United Kingdom. Teachers’ willingness to participate should not be taken for granted; teachers need to be motivated to implement changes in curriculum. Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing. Be knowledgeable about an integrated definition of curriculum implementation 2. It musthave philosophical psychological, social and economicbasis.• Vision and objectives must be clear; action plans strategic and thorough; agents of change and leadership identified. Changes involving beliefs and values are difficult to implement. educational planning is about and (ii) to provide insight into the major challenges that educational planners face, particularly those in developing countries. Malaysia Science and Mathematics Education Journal, 3(2), 106–127. Curriculum Implementation: This term refers to the act of working out the plans and suggestions that have been made by curriculum specialists and subject experts in a classroom or school setting. Among factors that contribute to the success of change is the commitment of the stakeholders towards this change. For the curriculum implementers to deliver what has been put forth in the curriculum documents carrying the national aspiration, the support system must be in place. National level change will definitely incur huge cost. These included lack of resources, inadequate training and heavy workloads. It is the engagement of learners with the curriculum and the planned learning opportunities (Fullan & Pomfret, 1977; Macdonald, 1965; Saylor, Alexander, & Lewis 1981). h��T�kA;��m��I�!���X!�v�|lK�m%���eI@/�`c�kl�'�Z�C�ɏB International Bureau of Education – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation & Ministry of Education Malaysia. Makewa and Ngussa (2015) observed that teachers’ autonomy and creativity are increasingly being curtailed by control and regulation from the authority and teachers are being asked to do more with less (resources and incentives). Existing literature on curriculum implementation looks at the issue from two perspectives, curriculum implementation as instruction and curriculum implementation as a change process. Poor time management by school administrators and teachers 3. .text-center { Curriculum development• A curriculum development is continuous work. This paper looks into the various factors influencing curriculum implementation, especially looking at it as a change process. The second perspective on curriculum implementation is that of a change process. Educational models for instruction: Introduction. (2013). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Primary education is the core of development and progress in modern societies. © Asia Pacific Research Association on Curriculum Studies, Inc. Siti Hawa, A. Curriculum implementation and teacher motivation: A theoretical framework. Change causes unease. The first perspective on curriculum implementation equates it with instruction, or the actual teaching and learning that happened in the class. Obstacles to the curriculum implementation are identified, including the nature of official curriculum documents, teacher content knowledge, the nature of the topic, differences between teachers’ beliefs and the underlying ideology of the proposed curriculum, learner and Another factor in the curriculum planning is student. Teachers’ motivation is another major component in curriculum implementation as a change process (Makewa & Ngussa, 2015). The biggest challenge in strategic change is however the phase after planning, the successful implementation of the strategy that is needed and developed. Government officers include those from the planning, developing, regulatory, and monitoring departments at various levels. Teachers’ inputs are crucial in creating such realistic design and procedures. This study looks at the challenges facing educators in implementing the National Curriculum Statement for Further Education and Training (i.e. There is a real need to pay more attention to the process of establishing mechanisms that facilitate change which ultimately support teachers’ classroom instruction (IBE, 2013) in a more sustainable manner. Geneva: IBE. Descriptive survey design was used in the study. Research on identifying the barriers to the full implementation of a curriculum is needed. } It is a policy and technical agreement with the people as it consists of the expectations of the society (IBE, 2013). Saylor et al. In ensuring effective curriculum implementation, one need to consider it from the perspective of both instruction and change. It is the implementation of the curriculum plan (Saylor & Alexander, 1974). However, readiness for change must first be ensured before monitoring and regulatory measures step in. As a researcher I agree Ng, S. B. } Teachers need to be motivated to implement curriculum change. The process of planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating various parts of the system necessitates intelligent and sometimes shrewd maneuvering. One effective method is to involve teachers in the process of curriculum development. A curriculum in simple terms is the aggregate of subjects/courses and topics that are being or should be offered in schools. This approach involves having a shared vision; establishing a sense of urgency for change; creating a guiding coalition; developing synergised strategies; communicating the change; empowering action; and, ensuring a more sustainable change in working culture (Kotter, 2012). The Malaysian Journal of Qualitative Research, 3(1), 44–59. It needs the support of both the government and the people. h��Smk�0�+��rz�dJ�ɚm��C�A�-��/�V���O'ǩR:�2��Nw��g=���0P�� ���� RM� �K Pennsylvania: IGI Global. They play an important role in shaping the school curriculum. Adapted from Creating thoughtful classroom, implementation of thoughtful science curriculum by master teachers, by S. B. Ng, 2010, p. 33. In the process of translating curriculum into actual classroom instruction, teachers have been found to consciously or subconsciously consider factors such as these ‘screens’ in making curriculum decisions. Curriculum Implementation as Classroom Instruction. Ng’s (2010, 2013, 2015) study on the implementation of the Malaysian thinking curriculum found the ‘screens’ as personal characteristics, conceptions of a thoughtful classroom, and the role they played in their classroom. It became apparent from the findings that there are major curriculum challenges facing SMTs and teachers in managing the curriculum implementation in their schools. It is true that there are a lot of challenges in implementing curriculum as teacher educators. Some of these challenges are particularly unique to rural communities. The important element of coherence and components of interaction between these sub-systems must be put in place so that the silo mentality does not hinder the success of the curriculum implementation. Curriculum planning for better teaching and learning (4th ed.). Creating thoughtful classroom, implementation of thoughtful science curriculum by master teachers. Illinois: The KAGG Press. table p { Parent involvement extends from the school to the home, ensuring a continuity in the philosophy behind the curriculum change. Unavailability of school facilities 3. The development and implementation of the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary School (KBSM) in Malaysian secondary schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). 5517 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[]/Index[5512 15]/Info 5511 0 R/Length 49/Prev 1245099/Root 5513 0 R/Size 5527/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Education has become one of the most powerful weapons known for reducing poverty and inequality in modern societies. Curriculum foundations, principles and issues. Definition of Curriculum Planning: Is the process of structuring academic experiences, using expertise knowledge of the teacher. It often requires restructuring habits, reforming thoughts, and deeper conceptual understanding of instructional methodology among the implementers. [� Leadership need to help and support the people through these individual transitions. Besides the curriculum system, there are many other systems at work in the educational institutions as shown in the Appendix. This is especially true for changes in education systems which affect many members of society. Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon. This level of curriculum development is where teachers link their understanding of the curriculum to their practice, transforming curriculum plan into instruction. Curriculum is a political agreement; it outlines the government’s national agenda (IBE, 2013). Cameron, E., & Green, M. (2012). This is an opportunity to create a roadmap … The stakeholders need evidence to convince them of the worthiness of such change and to give them the confidence that this change will produce better outcomes. These gaps are inevitable as there is no perfect system that ensures seamless coordination between the different sectors involved. Effective curriculum implementation is crucial for the success of any curriculum innovation; it is the real test of the change. Examples of such change are from teacher-centered to student-centered learning and from a focus on national examinations to school-based assessment. Nor Puteh, S. (1994). Success indicators need to be determined and on-going assessment made to adjust each step to ensure success. They write lesson plans or unit plans daily, weekly, or yearly. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. x��Xmo�F���؏vU6����t�Bp�*�KBr���%DU�}g֘�伌��k����<3cvv�>~�#&>}b_FCv6YYv���Iv�� ��e&�bN*.-�9��v������b>d� ��}�����dR�������`��9��=����Y�R�I�w��Ӂ���T�d6+�"�d�Tª�w�1�\�R�?\/a���p��ӁK�N�����͊y����~}5-�O韬���+@h���xύ;�{��7�]����]x.�p�Q���*%�?�4�K����S8�j������'��V�f��E3s�JQ�Zë�J��㢰���Y2�)�Z��ÌQ�?X&��>Y6o��_���R�,0�y���E�SiІ9��2���HQ����⚄g���( !��E@ �������'�qYN. This requires us to look upon curriculum as a system (Beauchamp, 1975; Ornstein, 1995; Saylor & Alexander, 1974). They need to understand the curriculum change. The National School Curriculum as a program of learning is a highly sensitive document as it contains the aspiration of the nation, preparing its citizen to face future challenges. They are responsible in the formulation of the schools’ vision and mission which must be aligned with the curriculum change. ), Theories of instruction (pp. If you find yourself asking “What is our big picture?” then … Saylor, J. G., & Alexander, W. M. (1974). (1986). Challenges to Curriculum Planning 2. Kotter, J. P. (2012). However, in many cases, research indicated that much of what is planned does not get implemented (National Institute for Educational Research of Japan [NIER], 1999; Nor Puteh, 1994; Ornstein & Hunkins, 1993; Siti Hawa, 1986). Macdonald, J. endstream endobj 5513 0 obj <>/Metadata 299 0 R/Pages 5510 0 R/StructTreeRoot 349 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 5514 0 obj <>/MediaBox[0 0 594.96 841.92]/Parent 5510 0 R/Resources<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 5515 0 obj <>stream (2013). %PDF-1.5 %���� text-align: center; Community involvement include professional organisations, civil society, as well as individuals in the community. A system consists of a set of interrelated components organised to attain the ends (goals and objectives) for which the system is established. 1. Weak Strategy. Since when Nigeria got independence, teachers have contributed immensely to the overall socioeconomic growth of Nigeria, hence, their impacts on the national development cannot be underestimated because through them the implementation of education program and policy and curriculum has been translated … Issues of Curriculum Planning, Design, and Implementation | 145 tive. Ornstein, A. C. (1995). One interesting barrier to this commitment is teachers’ fear of interference and imposition onto their autonomy in deciding the teaching strategies they think are appropriate to their students (Beauchamp, 1975). In order to ensure better success of curriculum implementation, we need to look at curriculum implementation as a change process and develop the system to manage the change. Planning curriculum for schools. Fullan & Pomfret (1977) asserted that “implementation is not simply an extension of planning and adoption processes, it is a phenomenon in its own right” (p. 336). (1999). (1977). In J. The study was carried out to identify the challenges facing the implementation of integrated business studies curriculum in public day secondary schools in Kirinyaga west District, Kenya. Figure 1. curriculum, however curriculum face challenges in its implementation. Coherence among the various agencies has not been established, leaving many gaps which may affect the success of curriculum implementation. There is a need to recognize that change does not happen in isolation, as it impacts the whole organization, the whole system. Its danger, of course, is in its deception, in its propensity to give people the illusion and appearance of significant change. 281¬–287). In other words, it helps to eradicate illiteracy, which is one of the strongest predictors of poverty [8] Thus primary educati… Beauchamp, G.A. As Olson, Slater and Hult (2005) say it, ‘doing is harder than dreaming’. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore curriculum mapping implementation in a single school setting to document the opportunities and challenges of the initiative implementation and identify strategies for the curriculum mapping success. Science teacher beliefs and their influence on curriculum implementation: Two case studies. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 28(3), 235–250. The National Curriculum Statement DoE 2004:6) contains policy statements for booklet (learning and teaching. Challenges Pre-School Teachers Face in the Implementation of ... hallmarks of planning as far as such curriculum. The study investigated challenges facing the implementation of curriculum in public secondary schools in Suba Sub-County of Homa Bay County. Curriculum theory (3rd ed.). 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